Trellising and training in vineyards represent money and effort invested to maximize canopy photosynthesis and to optimize solar radiation exposure at the fruit. Canopies that are symmetrical around the cordon are desired, and vineyard managers often follow conventional wisdom of orienting vine rows north-south to balance total solar radiation on both sides of the canopy. Even in symmetrically trained vines, exposure to high or sustained winds can stunt shoots and redirect growth windward, creating an unbalanced canopy architecture. Intuitively, we perceive these effects in windy locations. Previous research showed smaller fruit clusters on the windward side of vines, hypothesized to […]