Suapri 9 Honeycot on Prunus cerasifera, Marianna GF81, trained in a fruiting wall system and cropped in third leaf. The second harvest of these trees, in third leaf, took place in late November. Fruit quality was excellent, and the returns covered most of the establishment costs. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)
Suapri 9 Honeycot on Prunus cerasifera, Marianna GF81, trained in a fruiting wall system and cropped in third leaf. The second harvest of these trees, in third leaf, took place in late November. Fruit quality was excellent, and the returns covered most of the establishment costs. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)

Specifications of orchard systems to meet the needs of the stone fruit industry will continue to be influenced by a combination of cultural, economic and marketing conditions. 

Multileader two-dimensional (2D) fruiting walls are becoming popular with Australian orchardists who want intensive production systems, especially when a vigorous rootstock can be used at a moderate tree density and trees have a simple structure that is efficient and labor friendly.

Intensive apricot production has lagged behind that of apple, presumably because apricot trees are grown on vigorous plum rootstock. However, training apricot trees with multiple leaders that have no branches, only fruiting units, may offer orchardists quicker returns on investment through earlier bearing and more efficient labor use, move quickly into production with new varieties and improve competitiveness. 

The advantage of using a vigorous rootstock is that the trees have the strength to quickly fill their allotted spaces, with the support of an upright trellis.

The resulting 2D trees are easy to pick, prune, thin and spray. 

This article deals with the development of the tree’s structure and setting up the trees for a long, productive life.

The two inner leader-shoots are always stronger than the outer two leader-shoots. To get here, after planting and heading the trees, gradually select four suitable shoots by first eliminating the ones that face the wrong way. Next, remove the strong shoots that developed from the two or three buds immediately under the cut. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)
The two inner leader-shoots are always stronger than the outer two leader-shoots. To get here, after planting and heading the trees, gradually select four suitable shoots by first eliminating the ones that face the wrong way. Next, remove the strong shoots that developed from the two or three buds immediately under the cut. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)

Design of the production system

Rows are 4 meters (13 feet) wide, and trees are planted 2 meters (6.5 feet) apart, giving a moderate density of 1,250 trees per hectare (approximately 506 trees per acre). The rootstock is Myrobalan, a highly vigorous plum seedling.

The multileader 2D design follows a simple hierarchic growth pattern.

Each tree has four leaders spaced 0.50 meter apart. The leaders, together with the short trunk, form the permanent structure of the tree. 

Leaders are dressed with fruiting units only; branches are not allowed to develop. Fruiting units are short (100- to 300-mm, or 4- to 12-inch) pieces of 1-, 2- and 3-year-old wood with leaves, floral and vegetative buds. They can be shortened and renewed in autumn to ensure they remain strong and reproductive. The fruiting units form the bearing wood of the leaders.

The thin (600-mm, or 2-foot) upright wall depth allows all the producing parts to have good access to sunlight. The spread of the trees is provided by the fruiting units arranged two-dimensionally.

Benefits of a strong rootstock

Vigor of the Myrobalan rootstock ensures quick development of the tree’s permanent structure. Vigor is divided equally over these four leaders.

With 5,000 leaders per hectare (approximately 2,020 leaders per acre) and a simple tree structure, it is easy to set up the trees for target yields with the right fruit numbers.

Canopy building

Specific early tree training is critical to get a well-balanced fruiting canopy established quickly. Advantages are soon lost if management and tree training are not carried out correctly.

Selecting, positioning and developing four uniform leaders is of utmost importance for successful orchard management and high tree performance.

The leaders were not headed, encouraging them to set as many apricots as possible to keep the trees calm. Horizontal shoots were encouraged to develop into future fruiting units. Strong semi-upright shoots were stubbed back to form shorter and weaker shoots. Strong vertical shoots were removed in spring and summer. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)
The leaders were not headed, encouraging them to set as many apricots as possible to keep the trees calm. Horizontal shoots were encouraged to develop into future fruiting units. Strong semi-upright shoots were stubbed back to form shorter and weaker shoots. Strong vertical shoots were removed in spring and summer. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)

In spring, select four leader-shoots from each headed nursery tree. Avoid selecting the first two or three shoots immediately under the cut, because these are often upright and vigorous. Shoots lower down often have wider angles and are more uniform. 

To position the leader-shoots, train each one with the help of a string tied every 500 mm (approximately 20 inches) from the bottom to the top wire. Regularly fasten the young growing leader-shoot to the string with a tapener plant-tying tool. Use 100 mm (4-inch) plastic ties to secure the leader-shoot to each 2.65 mm (0.10-inch) high-tensile galvanized wire. Weave each leader-shoot between the four or five wires as it grows up along the string.

To develop four uniform leader-shoots, distinction must be made between the two inner and the two outer ones. The two inner leader-shoots tend to have much more vigor than the two outer ones, because they are closest to the trunk and above the roots. For this reason, you must first create strong growth in the outer leader-shoots and subdue (by pinching) growth of the inner ones. 

Stub-cut any flushes of sylleptic shoots. These are shoots that appear on current growth. 

Do all this initial pruning and training in spring and summer to ensure that most energy goes into growth of the leader-shoots and the trees remain free of bacterial canker. 

Failing to subdue the two inner leader-shoots, to advance the growth of the two outer leader-shoots, will end up with four leader-shoots of irregular size. To achieve four uniform leader-shoots, cut back the two inner shoots hard. This gives the two outer leader-shoots a chance to grow into strong equal-sized leaders. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)
Failing to subdue the two inner leader-shoots, to advance the growth of the two outer leader-shoots, will end up with four leader-shoots of irregular size. To achieve four uniform leader-shoots, cut back the two inner shoots hard. This gives the two outer leader-shoots a chance to grow into strong equal-sized leaders. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)

The fruiting units are allowed to develop from the base of each leader. These start as short laterals and spurs. A spur is a contracted lateral. Spurs must maintain a terminal vegetative bud that can make leaves and extend the spur the next season.

Full canopies are made up of numerous low-vigor fruiting units and spurs that allow transient dappled light to penetrate through the canopy, providing a good environment for renewing the bearing wood and optimum production of fruit with good size, color and taste.

Bearing wood management

An understanding of the fruiting habit is essential to maintain good quality bearing wood. Buds at the basal end of a fruiting unit typically become flower buds. Apricots do not have mixed buds. After flowering or fruiting, no vegetative buds are left to form leaves and shoots to create new fruiting positions, and the fruiting unit quickly becomes bare. This is called natural floral bud extinction, and to minimize this problem, you need to do four things:

Strong shoots with wide angles have been stubbed in late summer to create fruiting units. The guide strings and plastic ties are used to keep the leaders growing uninterrupted and in position. After two years, uniformity of the leaders is as good as can be expected. The leaders have not been headed. This will be done in the third leaf, after harvest. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)
Strong shoots with wide angles have been stubbed in late summer to create fruiting units. The guide strings and plastic ties are used to keep the leaders growing uninterrupted and in position. After two years, uniformity of the leaders is as good as can be expected. The leaders have not been headed. This will be done in the third leaf, after harvest. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)

1) Maintain a hierarchic growth habit, where the extension growth of the leader is initially kept dominant. When the canopy is fully developed, the tops are pruned soon after harvest at the maximum permissible height (80 percent of row width).

2) During summer, encourage growth of new semi-weak laterals. These will form the next new fruiting units. You also need to stub-cut strong shoots with wide angles to encourage soft regrowth. Remove any strong upright shoots; these will never become good fruiting units.

3) Fertigate twice a month and keep chewing insects away, especially from the growing leader tips. Leaders can grow more than 25 mm (1 inch) a night. 

4) In autumn, a rigorous renewal of bearing wood is necessary by cutting back into the fruiting wood to stimulate vegetative growth the following season. New growth will form from the rudimentary buds on the piece that is left and also on the nearby leader.

Typical fruiting units, some of which show natural floral bud extinction at their basal ends. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)
Typical fruiting units, some of which show natural floral bud extinction at their basal ends. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)

When the tree canopy is fully developed, usually within three years, impose a postharvest water-stress strategy. In Australia, regulated deficit irrigation is used after harvest during the long hot summers to control vegetative growth and keep the leaders calm.

As well, with good management of sunlight, fruiting units last longer and ensure regular production and consistent fruit quality via controlled vigor in the bearing wood. 

Creating fruiting units

During the first three years, the trees not only developed their permanent structure of twin branchless leaders, they also produced two crops. The fruit were borne on short spurs on the leader, because development of fruiting units was delayed to promote extension growth of the leaders.

After the third year, the leaders had reached their maximum permissible height of 3.20 m, or 10.5 feet, which is 80 percent of row width (4 m, or 13 feet).

Fruiting units need leaves and vegetative buds to remain productive, because apricots have simple flowers and suffer from natural floral bud extinction. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)
Fruiting units need leaves and vegetative buds to remain productive, because apricots have simple flowers and suffer from natural floral bud extinction. (Courtesy Bas Van Den Ende)

To optimize a sustainable production, a combination of young spurs and fruiting units is required. Fruiting units are short (100- to 300-mm, or 4- to 12-inch) pieces of 1-, 2- and 3-year-old wood created and renewed during the summer months. Apricot trees are not pruned in winter because of the risk of bacterial canker infections. 

—by Bas Van Den Ende